重要事件

原文标题: Key Events

核心概念

  1. 领导力 (Leadership) - 领导者的三大职责
  2. 创新 (Innovation) - 区分领导者与跟随者
  3. 愿景 (Vision) - 苹果的长远方向
  4. 沟通 (Communication) - 清晰有力的传达

内容

中文翻译

1975年1月——《大众电子》杂志发表了一篇关于Altair 8800的故事，引发了微型计算机革命。同年，比尔·盖茨从哈佛辍学，为Altair设计编程语言。与此同时，在硅谷，一个为想要建造自己电脑的人而设的俱乐部成立了：家酿计算机俱乐部，史蒂夫偶尔会与Steve Wozniak一起参加。

1976年4月——史蒂夫和Woz共同创立苹果电脑公司，销售Woz设计的Apple I。（第三位联合创始人Ron Wayne在加入十天后退出。）Apple I的买家必须自己提供键盘和电视显示器，并且必须知道如何编写十六进制代码和使用电烙铁。

1977年1月——苹果公司成立，所有权在史蒂夫、Woz和天使投资人Mike Markkula之间平均分配。

1977年4月——更加用户友好的电脑Apple II在旧金山西海岸电脑展上首次亮相。售价1,298美元的Apple II大约是加州大学一年州内学费的两倍。

1978年5月——Lisa Brennan Jobs出生。

1979年5月——苹果出版物部门经理Jef Raskin开始研发一款他称之为Macintosh的廉价电脑。

1979年12月——在访问施乐帕洛阿尔托研究中心期间，史蒂夫第一次看到一台带鼠标、窗口、图标、菜单和多种字体的联网电脑。"我被震撼了，"他后来回忆道。他将这项技术以及几位PARC研究人员带到了苹果。

1980年9月——史蒂夫接管了备受瞩目的Lisa电脑项目。九个月后，由于团队反抗他的管理风格，他被撤职。

1980年12月——苹果上市，成为当时美国历史上最成功的首次公开募股之一。

1981年2月——从加州大学伯克利分校辍学十年后，Woz离开苹果重新入学。

史蒂夫接管了Macintosh项目。

1981年8月——当IBM推出其个人电脑时，苹果面临其第一个真正的竞争。IBM的市场份额很快超过了苹果。

1983年1月——《时代》杂志打破了其"年度人物"的传统，选择计算机作为"年度机器"。

苹果推出了售价10,000美元的Lisa电脑，面向商业用户。它在市场上失败了。

1983年4月——乔布斯招募百事高管John Sculley担任苹果CEO，使用了那句令人难忘的话："你想余生卖糖水，还是想和我一起来改变世界？"

1984年1月——Macintosh首次亮相。

1985年6月——当Macintosh销量远低于预期时，苹果解雇了20%的员工，并宣布其历史上首次季度亏损。

1985年9月——在与Sculley的权力斗争中失利后，史蒂夫带着五名Mac团队成员离开苹果。几天内，苹果以违反信托责任为由起诉史蒂夫，并指控他策划了一个"邪恶"的阴谋，为他的新电脑公司NeXT窃取商业秘密。

1986年1月——在开创性计算机科学家Alan Kay将他介绍给公司领导人Ed Catmull和Alvy Ray Smith后，史蒂夫成为皮克斯的大股东。

NeXT和苹果就NeXT的推出以及史蒂夫招募Mac团队成员一事庭外和解。

1986年8月——史蒂夫在一场图形行业会议上出席了皮克斯第一部动画短片《Luxo Jr.》的首映。《Luxo Jr.》展示了皮克斯的软件，但引起史蒂夫注意的是观众对故事讲述的站立鼓掌。

1988年10月——史蒂夫在旧金山戴维斯交响乐厅揭幕NeXT计算机系统。一个亮点是这台机器在五分钟内演奏了一首巴赫小提琴协奏曲，由交响乐团的一位小提琴家伴奏。这台电脑卖得不好，但也有它的粉丝；Tim Berners-Lee在一台NeXT电脑上编写了万维网的代码。

1989年3月——皮克斯的电影《锡铁小兵》赢得奥斯卡最佳动画短片奖，这是电脑动画电影的首次获奖。

1991年3月——史蒂夫与Laurene Powell在优胜美地举行婚礼。

1991年7月——面临巨大的财务压力，皮克斯与迪士尼签署了一项对大公司更有利的协议。作为为最多三部皮克斯电影提供融资的交换，迪士尼拥有这些电影及其角色，获得电影的大部分利润，并禁止皮克斯向另一家工作室推销迪士尼拒绝的任何创意。

1991年9月——Reed Jobs出生。

1993年2月——史蒂夫结束NeXT的电脑生产，完全专注于软件。

1993年10月——由于苹果每季度亏损数千万美元，1985年将史蒂夫赶出苹果的CEO John Sculley辞职。苹果在未来三年将经历另外两位CEO，但未能重新站稳脚跟。

1995年8月——Erin Jobs出生。

1995年11月——世界上第一部全长度全电脑动画长片《玩具总动员》首周末票房收入2900万美元。它后来成为年度票房最高的动画电影。

《玩具总动员》上映一周后，皮克斯举行了一次成功的首次公开募股。这是几个月前下的大胆赌注；如果《玩具总动员》失败了，IPO也会失败。

1996年12月——需要一个新的操作系统，苹果以4.27亿美元收购NeXT。作为协议的一部分，史蒂夫重新加入苹果，担任CEO Gil Amelio的特别顾问。

1997年2月——《玩具总动员》的成功和皮克斯的IPO给了史蒂夫筹码，可以与迪士尼谈判更有利的协议。两家公司签署了五部电影的协议。

1997年6月——为了公开表达对Amelio的不信任，史蒂夫出售了他在NeXT收购中收到的苹果股份的很大一部分。三个月后，史蒂夫被任命为临时CEO。

1997年8月——比尔·盖茨在Macworld上的巨大视频屏幕上出现，宣布微软承诺为Mac开发Microsoft Office。当观众开始起哄时，史蒂夫斥责他们："我们必须放弃[……]这种认为苹果要赢，微软就必须输的观念。"

1997年9月——苹果推出"Think Different"广告活动。一年后，它赢得艾美奖杰出商业广告奖。

1998年3月——史蒂夫聘请Tim Cook担任苹果运营主管。

1998年7月——Eve Jobs出生。

1998年8月——苹果推出邦迪蓝iMac。"i"代表"互联网"，针对想要像澳大利亚邦迪海滩冲浪一样轻松"上网"的消费者。

1998年10月——苹果宣布自1995年以来首个盈利年度。

2000年1月——在Macworld演讲的最后三分钟，史蒂夫出人意料地宣布他将从CEO头衔中去掉"临时"一词。

2000年3月——互联网乐观主义的浪潮破灭。纳斯达克在一个月内损失了近1万亿美元，数百家创业公司在"互联网泡沫"中倒闭。

2000年11月——皮克斯位于加利福尼亚州埃默里维尔的新园区开放。史蒂夫对总部设计如此投入——从市政厅中庭到浴室——人们称之为"史蒂夫的电影"。

2001年5月——第一家苹果零售店在弗吉尼亚州泰森斯和加利福尼亚州格伦代尔开业。

2001年3月——苹果发布OS X，这是一款基于NeXT开发的NeXTStep软件的操作系统。该操作系统的更新版本至今仍是许多苹果产品的核心。

2001年10月——苹果推出iPod。这是公司的一种新产品，不是电脑，而是一种与电脑同步的便携设备。苹果制造了一个音乐播放器，史蒂夫说，因为"我们热爱音乐，做你热爱的事情总是好的。"

2003年4月——苹果开设iTunes音乐商店，让人们可以轻松在线购买单曲。该商店仅适用于苹果电脑，但用户在第一周下载了一百万首歌曲。六个月后，在执行团队的敦促下，史蒂夫同意让该商店兼容非苹果电脑。

2004年3月——皮克斯的第五部电影《海底总动员》赢得奥斯卡最佳动画长片奖。

2004年7月——史蒂夫接受手术切除胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤。

2006年1月——迪士尼以74亿美元股票收购皮克斯。史蒂夫成为迪士尼最大股东并加入董事会，而John Lasseter和Ed Catmull接管迪士尼动画的领导权。

2007年1月——iPhone首次亮相。史蒂夫称它为"苹果历史上最具革命性和激动人心的产品"。

2009年3月——在休假期间，史蒂夫在田纳西州孟菲斯接受肝移植。

2010年1月——史蒂夫推出iPad，称其为"一款神奇和革命性的设备"。

2010年8月——《玩具总动员3》成为有史以来票房最高的动画电影。

2011年8月——在去世前六周，史蒂夫辞去苹果CEO职务，并建议由Tim Cook接替。在他的辞职信中，史蒂夫写道："我在苹果结识了一些人生中最好的朋友，我感谢你们所有人多年来能够和你们一起工作。"

英文原文

Key Events, Make Something Wonderful

Key Events

January 1975—Popular Electronicspublishes a story about the Altair 8800, sparking the microcomputer revolution. That same year, Bill Gates drops out of Harvard to design programming languages for the Altair. Meanwhile, in Silicon Valley, a club launches for people who want to build their own computers: the Homebrew Computer Club, which Steve occasionally attends with Steve Wozniak.

April 1976—Steve and Woz co-found Apple Computer to sell the Apple I, designed by Woz. (A third co-founder, Ron Wayne, drops out ten days after joining.) Apple I buyers must supply their own keyboards and television monitors, as well as know how to write hexadecimal code and use a soldering iron.

January 1977—Apple incorporates, with ownership split evenly among Steve, Woz, and the angel investor Mike Markkula.

April 1977—The Apple II, a more user-friendly computer, debuts at the West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco. At $1,298, the Apple II costs about twice as much as a year of in-state tuition at the University of California.

May 1978—Lisa Brennan Jobs is born.

May 1979—Apple’s publications department manager, Jef Raskin, begins work on an inexpensive computer he calls Macintosh.

December 1979—During a visit to Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center, Steve sees, for the first time, a networked computer with a mouse, windows, icons, menus, and multiple typefaces. “I was so blown away,” he later recalled. He brings the technology, and several PARC researchers, to Apple.

September 1980—Steve takes over the high-profile Lisa computer project. He is removed nine months later, after the team rebels against his management style.

December 1980—Apple goes public in one of the most successful initial public offerings in American history up to that time.

February 1981—Ten years after dropping out of the University of California, Berkeley, Woz leaves Apple to re-enroll.

Steve takes over the Macintosh project.

August 1981—Apple faces its first real competition when IBM introduces its personal computer. IBM’s market share soon surpasses Apple’s.

January 1983—Timeshakes up its “Man of the Year” tradition to choose the computer as “Machine of the Year.”

Apple introduces the Lisa computer, priced at $10,000, targeting business users. It fails in the market.

April 1983—Jobs recruits the Pepsi executive John Sculley to be Apple’s CEO, using the memorable line, “Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?”

January 1984—Macintosh debuts.

June 1985—When Macintosh sales fall far short of projections, Apple lays off 20 percent of employees and announces the first quarterly loss in its history.

September 1985—After losing a power struggle with Sculley, Steve leaves Apple with five Mac team members in tow. Within days, Apple sues for breach of fiduciary responsibility and charges Steve with masterminding a “nefarious” scheme to steal trade secrets for his new computer company, NeXT.

January 1986—Steve becomes the majority shareholder in Pixar, after the pioneering computer scientist Alan Kay introduces him to the company’s leaders, Ed Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith.

NeXT and Apple settle their lawsuit over NeXT’s launch and Steve’s recruitment of Mac team members out of court.

August 1986—Steve attends the premiere of Pixar’s first animated short,Luxo Jr.,at a graphics industry conference.Luxo Jr.showcases Pixar’s software, but it is the audience’s standing ovation for the storytelling that catches Steve’s attention.

October 1988—Steve unveils the NeXT Computer System at Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco. A highlight is the machine’s five-minute performance of a Bach violin concerto, accompanied by a violinist from the symphony. The computer did not sell well but had its fans; Tim Berners-Lee wrote the code for the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer.

March 1989—Pixar’s filmTin Toywins an Oscar for Best Animated Short, a first for a computer-animated movie.

March 1991—Steve marries Laurene Powell in a ceremony at Yosemite.

July 1991—Facing heavy financial pressure, Pixar signs a deal with Disney that is far more favorable to the larger company. In exchange for financing up to three Pixar films, Disney owns the films and their characters, receives most of the films’ profits, and prohibits Pixar from pitching to another studio any ideas that Disney rejects.

September 1991—Reed Jobs is born.

February 1993—Steve ends NeXT’s production of computers to focus entirely on software.

October 1993—With Apple losing tens of millions of dollars every quarter, CEO John Sculley, who pushed Steve out of Apple in 1985, resigns. Apple will cycle through two more CEOs in the next three years but fail to regain its footing.

August 1995—Erin Jobs is born.

November 1995—Toy Story,the world’s first full-length fully animated feature film, earns $29 million in its opening weekend. It goes on to become the top-grossing animated movie of the year.

A week afterToy Storyopens, Pixar holds a successful initial public offering. It was a bold bet placed months earlier; ifToy Storyhad been a bust, the IPO would have been one, too.

December 1996—In need of a new operating system, Apple acquires NeXT for $427 million. As part the agreement, Steve rejoins Apple as a special adviser to the CEO, Gil Amelio.

February 1997—The success ofToy Storyand Pixar’s IPO give Steve leverage to negotiate a more favorable agreement with Disney. The companies sign a five-picture deal.

June 1997—In a public show of no confidence in Amelio, Steve sells a huge block of the Apple shares he received in the NeXT acquisition. Three months later, Steve is named interim CEO.

August 1997—Bill Gates appears on a giant video screen at Macworld to announce Microsoft’s commitment to developing Microsoft Office for Mac. When the audience begins heckling, Steve reprimands them: “We have to let go of […] this notion that for Apple to win, Microsoft has to lose.”

September 1997—Apple introduces the “Think Different” advertising campaign. One year later, it wins an Emmy Award for Outstanding Commercial.

March 1998—Steve hires Tim Cook as Apple’s chief of operations.

July 1998—Eve Jobs is born.

August 1998—Apple debuts the Bondi Blue iMac. The “i” stands for “internet,” targeting consumers who want to“surf the web” as easily as catching a wave at Australia’s Bondi Beach.

October 1998—Apple announces its first profitable year since 1995.

January 2000—In the last three minutes of his Macworld presentation, Steve surprises the audience with the announcement that he will drop “interim” from his CEO title.

March 2000—The wave of internet optimism crashes. The NASDAQ loses nearly $1 trillion in a single month, and hundreds of start-up companies fail in a “dotcom bust.”

November 2000—Pixar’s new campus in Emeryville, California, opens. Steve has been so involved in the headquarters design—from the town hall atrium to the bathrooms—that people call it “Steve’s movie.”

May 2001—The first Apple retail stores open in Tysons, Virginia, and Glendale, California.

March 2001—Apple releases OS X, an operating system based on the NeXTStep software developed at NeXT. Updated versions of the operating system remain at the heart of many Apple products today.

October 2001—Apple introduces the iPod. It’s a new kind of product for the company, not a computer but a portable device built to sync with a computer. Apple built a music player, Steve says, because “We love music, and it’s always good to do something you love.”

April 2003—Apple opens the iTunes Music Store, making it easy to buy individual songs online. The store is only available for Apple computers, but users download one million tracks in the first week. Six months later, at the urging of his executive team, Steve agrees to make the store compatible with non-Apple computers.

March 2004—Pixar’s fifth film,Finding Nemo,wins an Oscar for Best Animated Feature.

July 2004—Steve undergoes surgery to remove a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

January 2006—Disney acquires Pixar for $7.4 billion in stock. Steve becomes Disney’s largest shareholder and joins the board of directors, while John Lasseter and Ed Catmull assume leadership of Disney Animation.

January 2007—The iPhone debuts. Steve calls it “the most revolutionary and exciting product in Apple’s history.”

March 2009—On leave from Apple, Steve receives a liver transplant in Memphis, Tennessee.

January 2010—Steve introduces the iPad, calling it“a magical and revolutionary device.”

August 2010—Toy Story 3becomes the highest-grossing animated movie of all time.

August 2011—Six weeks before his death, Steve resigns as Apple’s CEO and recommends that Tim Cook replace him. In his resignation letter, Steve writes, “I’ve made some of the best friends of my life at Apple, and I thank you all for the many years of being able to work alongside you.”

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